Maximal Curvature

This tool calculates the maximal curvature from a digital elevation model ($dem$). Maximal curvature is the curvature of a principal section with the highest value of curvature at a given point of the topographic surface (Florinsky, 2017). The values of this curvature are unbounded, and positive values correspond to ridge positions while negative values are indicative of closed depressions (Florinsky, 2016).

Maximal curvature is measured in units of $m^{-1}$.

Usage

wbw_maximal_curvature(dem, log_transform = FALSE, z_factor = 1)

Arguments

dem: Raster object of class WhiteboxRaster. See wbw_read_raster() for more details.
log_transform: logical, default FALSE. Wheter log-transform the output raster or not. See details.
z_factor: double, Z conversion factor is only important when the vertical and horizontal units are not the same in the DEM. When this is the case, the algorithm will multiply each elevation in the DEM by the Z conversion factor

Value

WhiteboxRaster object in units of $m^{-1}$.

Details

Curvature values are often very small and as such the user may opt to log-transform the output raster ($log_transform$). Transforming the values applies the equation by Shary et al. (2002):

$$Θ' = sign(Θ) ln(1 + 10^n|Θ|)$$

where $Θ$ is the parameter value and $n$ is dependent on the grid cell size.

For DEMs in projected coordinate systems, the tool uses the 3rd-order bivariate Taylor polynomial method described by Florinsky (2016). Based on a polynomial fit of the elevations within the 5x5 neighbourhood surrounding each cell, this method is considered more robust against outlier elevations (noise) than other methods.

For DEMs in geographic coordinate systems (i.e. angular units), the tool uses the 3x3 polynomial fitting method for equal angle grids also described by Florinsky (2016).

References

For more information, see https://www.whiteboxgeo.com/manual/wbw-user-manual/book/tool_help.html#maximal_curvature

Florinsky, I. (2016). Digital terrain analysis in soil science and geology. Academic Press.
Florinsky, I. V. (2017). An illustrated introduction to general geomorphometry. Progress in Physical Geography, 41(6), 723-752.
Shary P. A., Sharaya L. S. and Mitusov A. V. (2002) Fundamental quantitative methods of land surface analysis. Geoderma 107: 1–32.

Examples

f <- system.file("extdata/dem.tif", package = "wbw")
wbw_read_raster(f) |>
  wbw_maximal_curvature()
#> +-----------------------------------------------+ 
#> | WhiteboxRaster                                |
#> | Maximal Curvature                             |
#> |...............................................| 
#> | bands       : 1                               |
#> | dimensions  : 726, 800  (nrow, ncol)          |
#> | resolution  : 5.002392, 5.000243  (x, y)      |
#> | EPSG        : 2193  (Linear_Meter)            |
#> | extent      : 1925449 1929446 5582091 5585717 |
#> | min value   : -0.071297                       |
#> | max value   : 0.207202                        |
#> +-----------------------------------------------+